Adm at 06:35, 3 July 2014

2014-07-03T06:35:29Z

Adm: /* {{Bilingual|生合成|Biosynthesis}} */

2012-03-24T13:45:46Z

‎{{Bilingual|生合成|Biosynthesis}}

Adm: New page: =={{Bilingual|生合成|Biosynthesis}}== {{Twocolumn |Flavonoid is synthesized through both the phenylpropanoid-acetate pathway and the acetate-malonate pathway in all higher plants (but ...

2011-01-07T08:04:37Z

New page: =={{Bilingual|生合成|Biosynthesis}}== {{Twocolumn |Flavonoid is synthesized through both the phenylpropanoid-acetate pathway and the acetate-malonate pathway in all higher plants (but ...

New page

=={{Bilingual|生合成|Biosynthesis}}==

{{Twocolumn
|Flavonoid is synthesized through both the phenylpropanoid-acetate pathway and the acetate-malonate pathway in all higher plants (but not algae). Most plants contain the 6 major subgroups ([[:Category:FL1|chalcones]], [[:Category:FL2|flavanones]], [[:Category:FL3|flavones]], [[:Category:FL5|flavonols]], [[:Category:FL6|flavans]], and [[:Category:FL7|anthocyani(di)ns]]). [[:Category:FL1|Aurones]]　or [[:Category:FLI|isoflavonoids]] are not ubiquitous.
|フラボノイドは全ての高等植物においてフェニルプロパノイド経路および酢酸－マロン酸経路の両方を用いて生成され（海草では異なる）、ほとんどの植物は6つの大きなグループ ([[:Category:FL1|カルコン]]、[[:Category:FL2|フラバノン]]、[[:Category:FL3|フラボン]]、[[:Category:FL5|フラボノール]]、[[:Category:FL6|フラバン]]、[[:Category:FL7|アントシアニ(ジ)ン]]）を含みます。しかし[[:Category:FL1|オーロン]]や[[:Category:FLI|イソフラボノイド]]は全ての植物に含まれるわけではありません。
}}



{| style="text-align:center"
|-
| colspan="4"| 4-coumaroyl CoA + malonyl CoA
|-
|
| [[Image:Arrow00d35.png]]CHS
|-
| style="background:gold"| [[Image:fl1.png|50px]] [[:Category:FL1|''CHALCONES, AURONES'']]
| style="background:gold"| [[FL1CAANS0001|chalconaringenin]] [[Image:FL1CAANS0001.png|70px]]
|
| style="background:palegoldenrod"| [[Image:fl3.png|50px]] [[:Category:FL2|''FLAVONES'']]
| colspan="2" style="background:palegoldenrod" | [[FL3FAANS0001|apigenin]] [[Image:FL3FAANS0001.png|70px]]
| colspan="2" style="background:palegoldenrod" | [[FL3FACNS0001|luteolin]] [[Image:FL3FACNS0001.png|70px]]
|-
|
| CHI [[Image:Arrow00d35.png]] (isomerase)
| colspan="3" style="text-align:left" | [[Image:Arrow00ur35.png]]FS (oxygenase)
|-
| style="text-align:right"| IFS [[Image:Arrow00dl35.png]]
| style="background:pink"| [[FL2FAANS0001|naringenin]] [[Image:fl2.png|50px]] [[:Category:FL2|''FLAVANONE'']]
|
| style="background:yellowgreen"| [[FL5FAANS0001|kaempferol]] [[Image:FL5FAANS0001.png|70px]]
| style="background:yellowgreen" colspan="3" | [[Image:fl5.png|50px]] [[:Category:FL5|''FLAVONOLS'']]
| style="background:yellowgreen"| [[FL5FACNS0001|quercetin]] [[Image:FL5FACNS0001.png|70px]]
|
| style="background:yellowgreen"| [[FL5FAGNS0001|myricetin]] [[Image:FL5FAGNS0001.png|70px]]
|-
| style="background:navajowhite"| [[Image:fli.png|50px]] [[:Category:FLI|''ISO-FLAVONES'']]
| F3H [[Image:Arrow00d35.png]] (hydroxylase)
| colspan="4" style="text-align:left"|[[Image:Arrow00ur35.png]] FLS (oxygenase)
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left"|[[Image:Arrow00ur35.png]] FLS
|
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left"|[[Image:Arrow00ur35.png]] FLS
|-
| style="background:plum"| [[Image:fl4.png|50px]] [[:Category:FL4|''DIHYDRO FLAVONOLS'']]
| style="background:plum"| [[FL4DAANS0001|dihydro-kaempferol]] [[Image:FL4DAANS0001.png|70px]]
| colspan="3"| F3'H [[Image:Arrow00r100.png]] +OH in B-ring
| style="background:plum"| [[FL4DACNS0001|dihydro-quercetin]] [[Image:FL4DACNS0001.png|70px]]
| colspan="3"| F3'5'H [[Image:Arrow00r100.png]] +OH in B-ring
| style="background:plum"| [[FL4DAGNS0001|dihydro-myricetin]] [[Image:FL4DAGNS0001.png|70px]]
|-
|
| DFR [[Image:Arrow00d35.png]] (reductase)
|
|
|
| [[Image:Arrow00d35.png]]DFR
|
|
|
| [[Image:Arrow00d35.png]]DFR
|
|-
| style="background:tan"| [[Image:fl6d.png|50px]]flavan diol [[:Category:FL6|''LEUCOANTHO-CYANIDINS'']]
| style="background:tan"| [[FL6DAANS0001|leuco-pelargonidin]] [[Image:FL6DAANS0001.png|70px]]
| style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom" colspan="3"|
{|
|[[Image:Arrow00dr35.png]]
|
{|
|(reductase)
|-
| LAR
|}
|}
| style="background:tan"| [[FL6DACNS0001|leuco-cyanidin]] [[Image:FL6DACNS0001.png|70px]]
| style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom" colspan="3"|[[Image:Arrow00dr35.png]] LAR
| style="background:tan"| [[FL6DAGNS0001|leuco-delphinidin]] [[Image:FL6DAGNS0001.png|70px]]
| style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom" colspan="2"|[[Image:Arrow00dr35.png]] LAR
|
|-
|
| LDOX [[Image:Arrow00d35.png]] (oxygenase)
|
| style="background:olive"| ''PROANTHO- CYANIDINS'' *
|   
| [[Image:Arrow00d35.png]] LDOX
|   
| style="background:olive"| ''PROANTHO- CYANIDINS'' *
|   
| [[Image:Arrow00d35.png]] LDOX
|   
| style="background:olive"| *...polymers of flavanols
|-
| style="background:tomato"| [[Image:fl7_2.png|50px]] [[:Category:FL7|''ANTHO-CYANIDINS'']]
| style="background:tomato"| [[FL7AAANS0001|pelargonidin]] [[Image:FL7AAANS0001.png|70px]]
| style="vertical-align:bottom" colspan="2" | [[Image:Arrow00dr35.png]]ANR   [[Image:Arrow00u.png]]
|
| style="background:tomato"| [[FL7AACNS0001|cyanidin]] [[Image:FL7AACNS0001.png|70px]]
| style="vertical-align:bottom" colspan="2" | [[Image:Arrow00dr35.png]]ANR   [[Image:Arrow00u.png]]
|
| style="background:tomato"| [[FL7AAGNS0001|delphinidin]] [[Image:FL7AAGNS0001.png|70px]]
| style="vertical-align:bottom" colspan="2" | [[Image:Arrow00dr35.png]]ANR   [[Image:Arrow00u.png]]
|-
|
| UF3GT [[Image:Arrow00d35.png]] (+sugar)
|
| style="background:tan"| [[FL63AANS0002|epi-afzelechin]] [[Image:FL63AANS0002.png|70px]]
|
| [[Image:Arrow00d35.png]]UF3GT
|
| style="background:tan"| [[FL63ACNS0002|epi-catechin]] [[Image:FL63ACNS0002.png|70px]]
|
| [[Image:Arrow00d35.png]]UF3GT
|
| style="background:tan"| [[FL63AGNS0003|epigallo-catechin]] [[Image:FL63AGNS0003.png|70px]]
| style="background:tan"| [[Image:fl6.png|50px]] [[:Category:FL6|''FLAVAN 3-OLS'']]
|-
| style="background:tomato"| [[Image:fl7.png|50px]] [[:Category:FL7|''ANTHO-CYANINS'']]
| style="background:tomato"| [[FL7AAAGL0002|pelargonidin 3-glucoside]] [[Image:FL7AAAGL0002.png|70px]]
|
|
|
| style="background:tomato"| [[FL7AACGL0001|cyanidin 3-glucoside]] [[Image:FL7AACGL0001.png|70px]]
|
|
|
| style="background:tomato"| [[FL7AAGGL0002|delphinidin 3-glucoside]] [[Image:FL7AAGGL0002.png|70px]]
|-
|
|
{|
|[[Image:Arrow00d35.png]]
|UF5GT, AOMT etc.
|}
|
|
|
|
{|
|[[Image:Arrow00d35.png]]
|UF5GT, AOMT etc.
|}
|
|
|
|
{|
|[[Image:Arrow00d35.png]]
|UF5GT, AOMT etc.
|}
|}

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
! colspan=4| {{Bilingual|上記遺伝子略称の詳細 (英語)|Information for the Above Abbreviated Gene Names}}
|-
! colspan=4| Six Structural Genes
|-
! Abbrev. || Name || Origin || Information
|-
| CHS
| chalcone synthase
| Bacterial polyketide synthases, particularly those in fatty acid synthesis (Verwoert et al. 1992)
| Early response against light <ref>Kubasek WL, Shirley BW, McKillop A, Goodman HM, Briggs W, Ausubel FM: Regulation of flavonoid biosynthetic genes in germinating Arabidopsis seedlings. Plant Cell 1992 4:1229-1236</ref> <ref>Pelletier MK, Murrell JR, Shirley BW: Characterization of flavonol synthase and leucoanthocyanidins dioxygenase genes in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 1997 113:1437-1445</ref>
|-
| CHI
| chalcone-flavanone isomerase
| Unclear and unique to plants.<ref>Jez JM, Bowman ME, Dixon RA, Noel JP: Structure and mechanism of chalcone isomerase: an evolutionarily unique enzyme in plants. Nat Struct Biol 2000 7: 786?791</ref>
''Eubacterium ramulus'' has the CHI activity. <ref>Herles C, Braune A, Braut M: First bacterial chalcone isomerase isolated from ''Eubacterium ramulus''. Arch Microbiol 2004 181:428-434.</ref>
| Early response against light.
|-
| F3H
| flavanone 3-hydroxylase
| 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase family <ref>Winkel-Shirley B: Flavonoid biosynthesis. A colorful model for genetics, biochemistry, cell biology and biotechnology. Plant Physiol 2001 126:485-492</ref>
| Early response in Arabidopsis but late in Antirrhinum <ref>Martin C, Prescott A, Mackay S, Bartlett J, Vrijlandt E: Control of anthocyanin biosyntehsis in flowers ''Antirrhinum majus''. Plant J 1991 1:37-49</ref>
|-
| FLS
| flavonol synthase
| 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase family <ref>Holton TA, Cornish EC: Genetics and biochemistry of anthocyanin biosynthesis. Plant Cell 1993 7:1071-1083</ref>
| Early response against light. In Arabidopsis, all structural genes are single-copy except for this one, to which six genes exist and two of them are not expressed.
|-
| DFR
| dihydroflavonol 4-reductase
| NADPH-dependent reductase associated with steroid metabolism <ref>Baker ME, Blasco RE: Expansion of the mammalian 3bhydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/plant dihydroflavonol reductase superfamily to include a bacterial cholesterol dehydrogenase, a bacterial UDP-galactose 4-epimerase, and open reading frames in vaccinia virus and fish lymphocystis disease virus.
FEBS Lett 1992 301: 89?93</ref>
| Later response
|-
| ANS/LDOX
| anthocyanidin synthase or leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase
| 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase family
| Later response
|-
! colspan=4| Auxiliary Genes
|-
| F3'H
| flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase
| cytochrome P450 hydroxylase family <ref>Brugliera F, Barri-Rewell G, Holton TA, Mason JG: Isolation and characterization of a flavonoid 3-hydroxylase. cDNA clone corresponding to the Ht1 locus of Petunia hybrida. Plant J 1999 19: 441?451</ref>
|-
| F3'5'H
| flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase
| cytochrome P450 hydroxylase family <ref>Holton TA, Brugliera F, Lester DR, Tanaka Y, Hyland CD, Menting JGT, Lu CY, Farcy E, Stevenson TW, Cornish EC: Cloning and expression of cytochrome P450 genes controlling flower colour. Nature 1993 366:276?279</ref>
| Not reported in mosses or liverworts. The transformation of the F3'5'H and the cytochrome b5 gene of petunia into carnation changed its flower color deep purple.<ref>de Vetten N, ter Horst J, van Schaik H-P, de Boer A, Mol J, Koes R: A cytochrome b5 is required for full activity of flavonoid 39,59-hydroxylase, a cytochrome P450 involved in the formation of blue flowers. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999 96: 778?783</ref><ref>Brugliera F, Tull D, Holton TA, Karan M, Treloar N,
Simpson K, Skurczynska J, Mason JG: Introduction of a cytochrome b5 enhances the activity of flavonoid 3'5' hydroxylase (a cytochrome P450) in transgenic carnation. Sixth International Congress of Plant Molecular Biology. University of Laval, Quebec, 2000 pp S6?S8</ref>
|-
| FSI
| flavone synthase
| Dioxygenase in parsley (FSI) and P450 monooxygenase in snapdragon (FSII).
|-
| LAR (or LCR)
| leucoanthocyanidin reductase
|
|-
| UF3GT
| UDP flavonoid glucosyltransferase
|-
| GST
| glutathione-S-transferase
|
| Transport of flavonoids from cytoplasm to vacuole or cell walls requires both GST and the glutathione pump in ATP-binding cassette family.<ref>Marrs KA, Alfenito MR, Lloyd AM, Walbot V: A glutathione S-transferase involved in vacuolar transfer encoded by the maise gene Bronze-2. Nature 1995 375: 397?400</ref><ref>Alfenito MR, Souer E, Goodman CD, Buell R, Mol J, Koes R, Walbot V: Functional complementation of anthocyanin sequestration in the vacuole by widely divergent
glutathione S-transferases. Plant Cell 1998 10: 1135?1149</ref>
|-
| AOMT
| anthocyanin O-methyl transferase
|-
| colspan="4"| <references/>
|}

==={{Bilingual|進化における選択圧|Evolutionary Pressure}}===
{{Twocolumn|
Rausher and colleagues studied the relationship between pathway architecture and protein evolutionary rates in anthocyanin biosynthetic pathways.
Upstream enzymes showed reduced rates of non-synonymous substitution compared with downstream enzymes, which are under relaxed constraints, in both broad (''Zea'' in monocot and ''Antirrhinum'' and ''Ipomoea'' in eudicot <ref>Rausher MD, Miller R, Tiffin P (1999) "Patterns of evolutionary rate variation among genes of the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway" ''Mol Biol Evol'' 16:266-274</ref>
<ref>Lu Y, Rausher MD (2003) "Evolutionary rate variation in anthocyanin pathway genes" ''Mol Biol Evol'' 20:1844-1853</ref>
) and narrow (within ''Ipomoea'' <ref>Rausher MD, Lu Y, Meyer K (2008) "Variation in constraint versus positive selection as an explanation for evolutionary rate variation among anthocyanin genes" ''J Mol Evol'' 7:137-144</ref>) comparisons.
Similarly, the downstream enzyme is under less selective pressure in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway <ref>Livingstone K, Anderson S (2009) "Patterns of variation in the evolution of carotenoid biosynthetic pathway enzymes of higher plants" ''J Heredity'' 100:754-761</ref>.
|
代謝経路における順序とタンパク質の進化速度はRausherらがアントシアニン生合成について調べています。上流にある酵素は、より制約の緩い下流にある酵素に比べて非同義置換が少ないことが幅広い種間（単子葉のトウモロコシ属、双子葉のAntirrhinumとヒルガオ属）でも種内でも（ヒルガオ属）でも確認されています。
同様に、カロテノイドの生合成遺伝子において下流の酵素はより選択圧が低いことが示されています。
}}

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-=={{Bilingual|生合成|Biosynthesis}}==
+=={{Bilingual|フラボノイドの生合成|Biosynthesis of Flavonoid}}==
 {{Twocolumn
@@ Line 242: / Line 242: @@
 同様に、カロテノイドの生合成遺伝子において下流の酵素はより選択圧が低いことが示されています。
 }}

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 {{Twocolumn
-|Flavonoid is synthesized through both the phenylpropanoid-acetate pathway and the acetate-malonate pathway in all higher plants (but not algae). Most plants contain the 6 major subgroups ([[:Category:FL1|chalcones]], [[:Category:FL2|flavanones]], [[:Category:FL3|flavones]], [[:Category:FL5|flavonols]], [[:Category:FL6|flavans]], and [[:Category:FL7|anthocyani(di)ns]]).  [[:Category:FL1|Aurones]]　or [[:Category:FLI|isoflavonoids]] are not ubiquitous.
+|Flavonoid is synthesized through both the phenylpropanoid-acetate pathway and the acetate-malonate pathway in all higher plants (but not algae). Most plants contain the 6 major subgroups: [[:Category:FL1|chalcones]], [[:Category:FL2|flavanones]], [[:Category:FL3|flavones]], [[:Category:FL5|flavonols]], [[:Category:FL6|flavans]], and [[:Category:FL7|anthocyani(di)ns]].  [[:Category:FL1|Aurones]] or [[:Category:FLI|isoflavonoids]] are not ubiquitous.
 |フラボノイドは全ての高等植物においてフェニルプロパノイド経路および酢酸－マロン酸経路の両方を用いて生成され （海草では異なる）、ほとんどの植物は6つの大きなグループ ([[:Category:FL1|カルコン]]、[[:Category:FL2|フラバノン]]、[[:Category:FL3|フラボン]]、[[:Category:FL5|フラボノール]]、[[:Category:FL6|フラバン]]、[[:Category:FL7|アントシアニ(ジ)ン]]） を含みます。しかし[[:Category:FL1|オーロン]]や[[:Category:FLI|イソフラボノイド]]は全ての植物に含まれるわけではありません。
 }}

Category:FL/Biosynthesis - Revision history

Adm at 06:35, 3 July 2014

Adm: /* {{Bilingual|生合成|Biosynthesis}} */

Adm: New page: =={{Bilingual|生合成|Biosynthesis}}== {{Twocolumn |Flavonoid is synthesized through both the phenylpropanoid-acetate pathway and the acetate-malonate pathway in all higher plants (but ...