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2011-06-04T04:25:02Z

Adm: Created page with "==Anthraquinones== Hydroxyanthraquinones are laxactive ingredients of ''Cassia senna'' (senna), ''Rhamnus frangula'' (frangula bark), and ..."

2011-06-04T03:20:21Z

Created page with "==Anthraquinones== Hydroxyanthraquinones are laxactive ingredients of ''Cassia senna'' (senna), ''Rhamnus frangula'' (frangula bark), and ..."

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==Anthraquinones==

Hydroxyanthraquinones are laxactive ingredients of
''[[Species:Cassia|Cassia]] senna'' (senna), ''[[Species:Rhamnus|Rhamnus]] frangula'' (frangula bark), and ''[[Species:Aloe|Aloe]] vera'' (aloe).
They also occur in genera [[:Species:Rheum|Rheum]], [[:Species:Rumex|Rumex]], [[:Species:Polygonum|Polygonum]], and family [[:Category:Fabaceae|Fabaceae]] <ref>Thomson RH (1986) ''Naturally occurring Quinones III. Recent Advances'' Chapman & Hall</ref>.
Their glycosidic form is pharmacologically inacitive, but is metabolized to its aglycon in the intestinal flora.
For laxative drugs, the maximum daily intake is 30 mg anthraquinone glycoside.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Anthraquinone Contents in Vegetables and Herbs<ref name="Mueller">Mueller SO, Schmitt M, Dekant W, Stopper H, Schlatter J, Schreier P, Lutz WK (1999) "Occurrence of Emodin, Chrysophanol and Physcion in Vegetables, Herbs and Liquors. Genotoxicity and Anti-genotoxicity of the Anthraquinones and of the Whole Plants" ''Food and Chemical Toxicology 37:481-491</ref>
|-
! Species || Common Name || Sum of anthraquinones<br/> fresh (dry)
! Emodin<br/>fresh (dry)
! Chrysophanol<br/>fresh (dry)
! Physcion<br/>fresh (dry)
|-
| ''[[Species:Latuca|Latuca]] sativa var. capitata''
| Cabbage lettuce
| 0.06-5.9 (1.0-174)
| 0.02-0.03 (≤ 0.5)
| 0.01-0.03 (≤ 0.5)
| 0.03-5.8 (0.5-173)
|-
| ''[[Species:Phaseolus|Phaseolus]] vulgaris''
| Beans
| 0.05-36 (0.4-342)
| 0.02-0.06 (0.2-0.7)
| 0.02-3.5 (0.12-33)
| 0.01-32 (0.1-308)
|-
| ''[[Species:Pisum|Pisum]] sativum''
| Garden peas
| 0.04-3.6 (0.2-21)
| 0.02-0.03 (0.1-0.2)
| −
| 0.02-3.6 (0.1-21)
|-
| ''[[Species:Vitis|Vitis]] vinifera''
| Grape vine leaves
| 0.4-0.8
| 0.1-0.2
| 0.1-0.2
| 0.2-0.4
|-
| ''[[Species:Elytrigia|Elytrigia]] repens''<ref>In the original literature by Mueller, this is written as "Rhizoma graminis"</ref>
| Couch grass root
| 0.2-0.7
| 0.06-0.2
| 0.05-0.2
| 0.08-0.3
|-
| ''[[Species:Plantaginis|Plantaginis]] lanceolatae''
| Plantain herb
| 0.4-0.7
| 0.1-0.2
| 0.1-0.2
| 0.2-0.3
|-
| ''[[Species:Fagopyrum|Fagopyrum]] esculentum''
| Buckwheat
|
|}

<references/>

@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
 They also occur in genera [[:Species:Rheum|Rheum]], [[:Species:Rumex|Rumex]], [[:Species:Polygonum|Polygonum]], and family [[:Category:Fabaceae|Fabaceae]] <ref>Thomson RH (1986) ''Naturally occurring Quinones III. Recent Advances'' Chapman & Hall</ref>.
 Their glycosidic form is pharmacologically inacitive, but is metabolized to its aglycon in the intestinal flora.
-For laxative drugs, the maximum daily intake is 30 mg anthraquinone glycoside.
+For laxative drugs, the maximum daily intake is 30 mg anthraquinone glycoside. For a senna laxative, the maximum daily value is 4 mg anthraquinones.
 {| class="wikitable"
 |+ Anthraquinone Contents in Vegetables and Herbs<ref name="Mueller">Mueller SO, Schmitt M, Dekant W, Stopper H, Schlatter J, Schreier P, Lutz WK (1999) "Occurrence of Emodin, Chrysophanol and Physcion in Vegetables, Herbs and Liquors. Genotoxicity and Anti-genotoxicity of the Anthraquinones and of the Whole Plants" ''Food and Chemical Toxicology 37:481-491</ref>
 |-
-! Species || Common Name || Sum of anthraquinones<br/> fresh (dry)
+! Species || Common Name || Sum of anthraquinones<br/> mg / kg fresh (dry)
-! Emodin<br/>fresh (dry)
+! Emodin<br/>mg / kg fresh (dry)
-! Chrysophanol<br/>fresh (dry)
+! Chrysophanol<br/>mg / kg fresh (dry)
-! Physcion<br/>fresh (dry)
+! Physcion<br/>mg / kg fresh (dry)
 |-
-| ''[[Species:Latuca|Latuca]] sativa var. capitata''
+| ''[[Species:Lactuca|Lactuca]] sativa var. capitata''<ref>In the original literature by Mueller, it is mis-written as "Latuca sativa". Also, one cultivar of the same species ("Iceberg salad") is shown to be unquantifiable for all anthraquinones.</ref>
 | Cabbage lettuce
 | 0.06-5.9 (1.0-174)
@@ Line 43: / Line 43: @@
 | 0.2-0.4
 |-
-| ''[[Species:Elytrigia|Elytrigia]] repens''<ref>In the original literature by Mueller, this is written as "Rhizoma graminis"</ref>
+| ''[[Species:Triticum|Triticum]] repens''<ref>In the original literature by Mueller, it is mis-written as "Rhizoma graminis"</ref>
 | Couch grass root
 | 0.2-0.7
@@ Line 50: / Line 50: @@
 | 0.08-0.3
 |-
-| ''[[Species:Plantaginis|Plantaginis]] lanceolatae''
+| ''[[Species:Plantago|Plantago]] lanceolatae''<ref>In the original literature by Mueller, it is mis-written as "Plantagines lanceolatae"</ref>
 | Plantain herb
 | 0.4-0.7
@@ Line 59: / Line 59: @@
 | ''[[Species:Fagopyrum|Fagopyrum]] esculentum''
 | Buckwheat
+|colspan="4"| ''not detected''
 |}
 <references/>

Category:PKA3 - Revision history

Adm at 04:25, 4 June 2011

Adm: Created page with "==Anthraquinones== Hydroxyanthraquinones are laxactive ingredients of ''Cassia senna'' (senna), ''Rhamnus frangula'' (frangula bark), and ..."