View source for Doc:Food/Flavonoid

{{Flavonoid/Header}}
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=={{Bilingual|食品中のフラボノイド|Flavonoid in Food}}==

{{Twocolumn|
Flavonoid contents in food may vary from many reasons: the place and time of harvest, measurement method, and the handling of biological samples.
In this summary page, we selected foods with over 10 mg flavonoids per standard serving. For example, fresh peppermint contains ca 20 mg flavones (apigenin and luteolin) per 100 g, but we do not eat over 50 g peppermint leaves in a normal diet. The following data are rather ''subjectively'' selected from data tables in this database. For full data, please visit the following data pages.
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フラボノイドの食品含有量は多くの要素、例えば植物の産地・収穫時期、計測方法、サンプルの扱い方等に左右されます。
このページでは１食あたり 10 mg を超えるフラボノイドを含む食品をリストしています。例えば生のペパーミント葉は 100 g あたり 20 mg のフラボン（アピゲニン、ルテオリン）を含みますが、通常の食事ではペパーミントを 50 g も採りません。こうした主観的判断によってデータから選択したリストが以下に示してあります。より詳細なデータは、以下にリストされるページにあります。
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;{{Bilingual|サイト上のデータ|Resources}}
* [[Doc:Food/Flavonoid/USDA2003Database|{{Bilingual|フラボノイド含量の表|A table of flavonoid contents}}]] by USDA 2003
* [[Doc:Food/Flavonoid/USDA-Iowa1999|{{Bilingual|イソフラボン含量の表|A table of isoflavonoid contents}}]] by USDA-Iowa State U 1999
* [[Doc:Antioxidant|{{Bilingual|フラボノイドの抗酸化能|Antioxidant activity of flavonoids}}]]
* [[Doc:Tea|{{Bilingual|お茶について|Tea information}}]]

;References
* Merken HM, Beecher GR (2000) "Measurement of Food Flavonoids by High-Performance Liquid
Chromatography: A Review" ''J Agric Food Chem'' 48(3) 577-599 PMID 10725120
* [http://www.nihn.go.jp/FFF/index.jsp FFF Database] by 国立健康･栄養研究所
* [http://www.ars-grin.gov/duke/ Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases]

==={{Bilingual|含有量まとめ|Content Summary}}===
{{Doc:Food/Flavonoid/Summary}}

=={{Bilingual|利用効率|Bioavailability}}==
; {{Bilingual|一般|General}}
{{Twocolumn|
Most flavonoids are absorbed in the small intestine, and are soon metabolized to form &beta;-glucuronide and sulfate conjugates (phase II conjugation in the intestinal wall)<ref>Manach C, Scalbert A, Morand C, Remesy C, Jimenez L (2004) "Polyphenols: food sources and bioavailability" ''Am J Clin Nutr'' 79(5):727-747</ref>.
The catechol units are often methylated. C-glycosides such as puerarin remain stable and not conjugated. 

Not all phenolics including flavonoids are absorbed in their native forms. Esterification of phenolic acids (e.g. chlorogenic acid), for example, reduces absorption. Non-absorbed flavonoids are transported to the colon, and subjected to metabolism by microbiota. These metabolized forms show markedly different bioactivities from their aglycones<ref>Setchell KD, Brown NM, Lydeking-Olsen E (2002) "The clinical importance of the metabolite equol-a clue to the effectiveness of soy and its isoflavones" ''J Nutr'' 132(12):3577-3584</ref>

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多くのフラボノイドは小腸から吸収され、すぐに&beta;-グルクロン酸抱合体、硫酸抱合体を作ります （小腸壁におけるフェーズＩＩ抱合）。カテコール部分はしばしばメチル化されます。ただし、プエラリンのようなC-グリコシドは抱合体を作りません。<br/>

フラボノイドを含むフェノール化合物の全てが体内で吸収されるわけではありません<ref name="manach">Manach C, Williamson G, Morand C, Scalbert A, Remesy C (2005) "Bioavailability and bioefficacy of polyphenols in humans. I. Review of 97 bioavailability studies" ''Am J Clin Nutr'' 81(1 Suppl):230S-242S</ref>。例えば、クロロゲン酸のようなフェノール基のエステルは殆ど吸収されません。吸収されないフラボノイドは大腸まで進み、そこで微生物による分解をうけます。こうして代謝されたものは、もとのアグリコンとは全く違う活性を持ちます。
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; {{Bilingual|イソフラボン|Isoflavones}}
{{Twocolumn|
Isoflavones are efficiently absorbed from the colon and exhibit the highest bioavailability. (Usually polyphenols absorbed from the colon show very low availability.) Daidzein and genistein are known to form chlorinated products (e.g. 3- and 8-chlorodaidzein), then are conjugated with glucuronides and excreted in bile.
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イソフラボンは大腸から効率よく吸収され、フラボノイドのなかで最も高い利用効率を示します。
ダイゼインとゲニステインは、塩素と結合し (3-および8-クロロダイゼイン等) その後、グルクロン酸抱合を経て胆汁の中に排出されます。
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; {{Bilingual|アントシアニン|Anthocyanins}}
{{Twocolumn|
Although anthocyanins comprise ca　50% of total polyphenols, they are poorly absorbed (less than 1% of intake in urinary levels) from the stomach　and small intestine. After intake, they soon appear in plasma and urine. In blood, anthocyanins can exist in a non-conjugated form. Their glucuronides and sulfo-conjugated forms also appear in early blood sample (0-6 h) and methylated forms occur later (6-24 h)<ref>Kay CD, Mazza G, Holub BJ, Wang J (2004) "Anthocyanin metabolites
in human urine and serum" ''Br J Nutr'' 91:933-42</ref><ref>Kay CD, Mazza G, Holub BJ (2005) "Anthocyanins exist in the circulation primarily as metabolites: a study of the metabolism and pharmacokinetics of cyanidin 3-glycosides in humans" ''J Nutr'' 135:2582-8</ref>
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アントシアニンは食品中のポリフェノールのおよそ半分を占めますが、殆ど吸収されません。（尿中には摂食量の1%しか出てきません。）アントシアニンは胃や小腸から吸収され、食後すぐにそのままの形が血漿中で検出できます。そのままの形で血液中に入るのはアントシアニンだけです。
グルクロン酸抱合体、硫酸抱合体は初期 (0-6 h) に血中に見られ、時間とともに (6-24 h) メチル化したものがみられます。
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; {{Bilingual|フラバン|Flavan}}
{{Twocolumn|
Proanthocyanidins, anchocyanins, and galloylated tea catechins are least well-absorbed polyphenols.
However, gallic acid, catechins, flavanones, and quercetin glucosides are well absorbed.
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プロアントシアニジン、アントシアニン、茶に含まれるガロイルカテキンはほとんど吸収されません。
しかし、ゴール酸、カテキン、フラバノン、クエルセチン配糖体は吸収されます。<ref name="manach"/>
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<references/>
===Bioavailability Data===
{| class ="wikitable"
! Flavonoid || Dose || Observation
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| catechin<ref>Das NP (1971) ''Biochem Pharmacol'' 20, 3435-3445</ref> || 5.8 g || 26% was excreted within 24h. ''m''-hydroxyphenyl propionic acid was detected in plasma after 6h
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| 3-O-methyl-catechin<ref>Hackett AM, Griffiths LA, Wermeille M (1985) ''Xenobiotica'' 15, 907-914</ref> || 2 g || plasma level 11-18 ug/ml within 2h; 38% was excreted as glucuronides and sulphates in urine within 120h
|-
| quercetin<ref>Hollman PCH et al (1995) ''Am J Clin Nutr'' 62, 1276-1282; Hollman PCH et al (1996) ''Free Rad Biol Med'' 21, 703-707</ref> || 64 mg (as fried onion) || plasma level 1 uM, 2h later
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| quercetin<ref>Gugler R, Leshik M, Dengler HV (1975) ''Eur J Clin Pharmacol'' 9, 229-234</ref> || 4 g (as supplement) || undetected in urine or plasma
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| decaffeinated green tea<ref>Lee MT et al (1995) ''Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev'' 41,393-399</ref> || 88 mg EGCG, 82 mg EGC, 33 mg ECG, and 32 mg EC || plasma level 46-268 ng/ml, 82-206 ng/ml, undetected, and 40-80 ng/ml, respectively.
|}

<references/>