Category:TP3
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==Saponin== | ==Saponin== | ||
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| − | Saponins are surfactant glycosides, i.e., they produce foams in aqueous solution and therefore are called ‘sapo’ (a Latin for soap). Plant-based crude drugs are still actively prescribed in Eastern Asia, and many of their active components are attributed to saponins. Well known examples of saponin and its aglycone include glycyrrhizin from liquorice ([[Species:Glycyrrhiza|''Glycyrrhiza uralensis/glabra'']], [[:Category:Fabaceae]]) used in European confectionery and Asian medicine; ginsenosides from ginseng ([[Species:Panax|''Panax ginseng'']], [[:Category:Araliaceae|Araliaceae]]) for tonic, especially in Korea; diosgenin from wild yam ([[Species:Dioscorea|Dioscorea spp.]], [[:Category:Dioscoreaceae|Dioscoreaceae]]) for hormone replacement therapy. | + | Saponins are surfactant glycosides, i.e., they produce foams in aqueous solution and therefore are called ‘sapo’ (a Latin for soap). Plant-based crude drugs are still actively prescribed in Eastern Asia, and many of their active components are attributed to saponins. Well known examples of saponin and its aglycone include glycyrrhizin from liquorice ([[Species:Glycyrrhiza|''Glycyrrhiza uralensis/glabra'']], [[:Category:Fabaceae]]) used in European confectionery and Asian medicine; ginsenosides from ginseng ([[Species:Panax|''Panax ginseng'']], [[:Category:Araliaceae|Araliaceae]]) for tonic, especially in Korea; diosgenin from wild yam ([[Species:Dioscorea|''Dioscorea spp.'']], [[:Category:Dioscoreaceae|Dioscoreaceae]]) for hormone replacement therapy. |
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Revision as of 18:28, 31 July 2010
Contents |
Triterpene (C30) Biosynthesis
Triterpenes are formed by joining two FPPs tail-to-tail. The precursor compound of cholesterol (C27) is lanosterol (C30) for animals, but for plants, fungi and algae, it is almost cycloartenol with a trace of lanosterol-derived sterols[1]).
Steroid
Steroids are modified triterpenes based on their hydrocarbon backbones (C18 – C30).
Phytosterols
Most common phytosterols are campesterol, β-sitosterol, and stigmasterol. Soybean (Glycine max, Fabaceae) is a rich source of phytosterols (about 0.1% of its weight), and is used for semi-synthesis of medicinal steroids [2]. Since dietary phytosterols reduce cholesterol levels, they are used as food additives such as for margarine [3]. Vitamin D is a family of sterol metabolites generated photochemically in our skin by UV irradiation.
Steroid
Steroids are modified triterpenes based on their hydrocarbon backbones (C18 – C30).
 2,3-Oxidosqualene |
|
 ダンマラン (dammarane) 型 |
| ||
 Cholestane-type |
|
 Lanostane-type |
|
| ||
 Pregnane-type |
|
  Androstane- and Estrane-type |
Saponin
Saponins are surfactant glycosides, i.e., they produce foams in aqueous solution and therefore are called ‘sapo’ (a Latin for soap). Plant-based crude drugs are still actively prescribed in Eastern Asia, and many of their active components are attributed to saponins. Well known examples of saponin and its aglycone include glycyrrhizin from liquorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis/glabra, Category:Fabaceae) used in European confectionery and Asian medicine; ginsenosides from ginseng (Panax ginseng, Araliaceae) for tonic, especially in Korea; diosgenin from wild yam (Dioscorea spp., Dioscoreaceae) for hormone replacement therapy.
| 2,3-Oxidosqualene |
|
ダンマラン (dammarane) 型 |
| ring rearrangement
| ||
 Lupane-type |
|
 Baccharane-type |
|
| ||
 Oleanane-type |
|
 Taraxastane-type |
Design of Tri-terpene ID numbers ID番号の設計
12-DIGIT
| T | P | 3 | x | y | y | r | h | g | n | c | c |
- x ... species information
| Symbol at x | Kingdom | Phyla | Examples |
|---|---|---|---|
| I | Animalia | Arthropoda (Insects, crabs) | ecdysteroids |
| V | Chordate (Vertebrates) | sex steroids, corticosteroids, anabolic steroids | |
| O | Others | marine steroids | |
| P | Plantae | Phytosterols | lanosterols, cholesterols, brassinolides |
| S | Saponins | saponins | |
| F | Fungi | ergosterols | ergosterols |
| B | Bacteria | bacterial sterols | hopanoids |
- y ... backbone structure (母核構造)
|
|
- r ... number of major rings (環構造数)
Click above categories to see details.
- h ... hydroxylation pattern (水酸基数)
Click above categories to see details.
- g ... glycosylation pattern(糖修飾パターン)
Click above categories to see details.
- n ... number of sugars (修飾糖数)
Click above categories to see details.
- c ... serial number (通し番号)
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