Anthraquinone
For alzarin and kermisic acid, KAl(SO4)2.12H2O (alum) is the common mordant.
| Name
|
CAS
|
Color
|
Source
|
| Alizarin |
[72-48-0] |
red
|
Madder plants in Rubiaceae, especially Rubia tinctorum, and R. peregrina produce a glycoside (ruberythric acid [152-84-1]) in roots (1-2 %).
|
| Kermisic acid |
[476-35-7] |
red
|
Kermes ilicis (oriental shield louse), which infest the holm oak Quercus ilex and the shurub oak Q. coccifera.
|
| Carminic acid |
[1260-17-9] |
red
|
Daetylopius coccus (cochineal insect) in family Coccidae, order Homoptera. Carmine [1390-65-4], the only animal-derived food dye, is its aluminum lake. Aztecs red. Nowadays Peru and the Canary islands are the main source.
|
| Laccaic acid |
[6219-66-5] |
red
|
Coccus laccae (small insect in India and SE Asia)
|
Naphtoquinone
| Name
|
CAS
|
Color
|
Source
|
| Lawsone |
[83-72-7] |
yellow
|
Lawsone alba (henna or Egyptian privet). Mohammed dyed his beard with henna.
|
| Lapacol |
[84-79-7] |
yellow
|
Tecoma species (tree in West Indies and South America)
|
| Juglone |
[481-39-0] |
brown
|
Juglans cinerea (butternuts), J. regia (Persian salnuts), J. nigra (black walnuts) in Juglandaceae
|
| Alkannin |
[577-88-4] |
red
|
Anchusa tinctoria, Alkanna tinctoria in Boraginaceae
|
| Shikonin |
[517-89-5] |
red
|
Lithospermum erythrorhizon in Boraginaceae. The color of Tokyo violet. Its racemate is Shikalkin [54952-43-1].
|
Benzopyrone
Flavone
Flavone dyes require a mordant that chelate positions
| Name
|
CAS
|
Color
|
Source
|
| quercetin |
[117-39-5] |
yellow |
|
| kaempferol |
[520-18-3] |
yellow |
|
| chrysin |
[480-40-0] |
yellow |
|
| luteolin |
[491-70-3] |
yellow |
Oldest known European dye, originally from Reseda luteola. The yellow color of Vestal Virgins in ancient Romans, and green colors (with indigotin) named as Lincoln green and Saxon green.
|
Anthocyanin
Anthocyanins are not used as industrial dyes because of its pH sensitivity.
Only two deoxyanthocyanidins were formerly used as dyes.
| Name
|
CAS
|
Color
|
Source
|
| carajurin |
[491-93-0] |
?
|
| dracorhodin |
[643-56-1] |
?
|
Others
| Name
|
CAS
|
Color
|
Source
|
| Logwood |
[8005-32-2] |
black
|
Haematoxylon species. Oxidized form is haematein [475-25-2], whose leuco form is haematoxylin [517-28-2].
|
| Brazilwood |
[8005-32-1] |
red
|
Caesalpina species. Oxidized form is brazilein [600-76-0], whose leuco form is brazilin [474-07-7].
|
Indigoid
| Name
|
CAS
|
Color
|
Source
|
| indigotin |
[482-89-3] |
blue
|
Indigo tinctoria and I. suffruticosa (2-4%). Its precursor is indican [487-60-5], dextrose derivative of indoxyl [480-93-3]. Indigo came to Europe only after 12th century, where Isatis tinctoris (woad) had been used, and became widespread as late as in 17th century.
|
6,6'-bromoindigotin
or Tyrian purple |
[19201-53-7] ? [19201-58-7] |
purple
|
Mulex species (e.g. M. brandaris, M. trunculus) and Purpura species (mollusk) Each mollusk produces only 0.12 mg. Its precursor is tyriverdin and tyrindoxyl sulfate [74626-31-6].
|
Carotenoid
Betalaine
Betalaines contain two groups of pigments: the red betacyanins and the yellow betaxanthins. Both are found in beets (Beta vulgaris). Although unaffected by pH, they are heat sensitive.
| Name
|
CAS
|
Color
|
Source
|
| betanin |
[7659-95-2] |
yellow |
Its aglycon is batanidin [32729-84-8].
|
Others
| Name
|
CAS
|
Color
|
Source
|
curcumin
or turmeric |
[458-37-7] |
yellow
|
Curcuma tinctoria. The dye is oil-soluble and requires no mordant.
|
| chlorophyll |
[8049-84-1] |
green
|
Water-insoluble. By hydrolysis with sodium hydroxide, chlorophyllin, phytol and methanol result. Chlorophyllin salt is heat stable.
|
